Frit material and bonding method for microfluidic separation devices

ABSTRACT

A multi-layer microfluidic separation device comprises a polymeric membrane frit that may be securely bonded within the device and minimizes lateral wicking. Stationary phase material having an average particle size is retained by a frit having an average pore size that is smaller than the average particle size. In one embodiment, a secure bond is ensured by treating the polymer to match its surface energy to that of the materials to which it is bound. Treatments include plasma treatment, irradiation and the application of acids.

STATEMENT OF RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/256,505, filed Sep. 27, 2002, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Ser.Nos. 60/393,953 and 60/357,683, filed Jul. 2, 2002 and Feb. 13, 2002,respectively.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to microfluidic devices employing fritmaterials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemical and biological separations are routinely performed in variousindustrial and academic settings to determine the presence and/orquantity of individual species in complex sample mixtures. There existvarious techniques for performing such separations. One separationtechnique, liquid chromatography, encompasses a number of methods thatare used for separating closely related components of mixtures. Liquidchromatography is a physical method of separation involving a sample (orsample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, aliquid, or a supercritical fluid). While carrying the sample, the mobilephase is then forced (e.g., by gravity, by applying pressure, or byapplying an electric field) through a separation ‘column’ containing animmobile, immiscible stationary phase. Liquid chromatography has manyapplications including separation, identification, purification, andquantification of compounds within various mixtures.

One category of conventional chromatography includes pressure-drivensystems. These systems are operated by supplying a pressurized mobilephase (typically one or more liquid solvents pressurized with a pump) toa separation column. Typical columns have dimensions of several (e.g.,10, 15, 25) centimeters in length and between 3–5 millimeters indiameter, with capillary columns typically having internal diametersbetween 3–200 microns. The columns are packed with particulate-basedstationary phase material typically consisting of very small diameter(e.g., 5 or 10 micron) particles. It is important to minimize any voidsin a packed column, since voids or other irregularities in a separationsystem can affect the quality of the results of the separation. Thus,most conventional separation columns include specially designed endfittings (typically having compressible ferrule regions) designed tohold packed stationary phase material in place and prevent irregularflow-through regions.

Important components of conventional chromatography columns are fineporous materials, commonly referred to as “frits,” that retains thestationary phase material within the columns as separations areperformed. Each end of a column typically includes a frit. Frits forconventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns aretypically composed of either a metal, such as stainless steel ortitanium, or a polymer, such as polyethylene (PE) or poly (ether etherketone) (PEEK). The pore sizes for frits used with five-micronstationary phase particles are typically about two microns. Thethickness of such frits typically is between about thirty mils (about760 microns) and about seventy-five mils (about 2000 microns).

There has been a growing interest in the manufacture and use ofmicrofluidic systems to perform chromatography. This is because, whenconducted in microfluidic volumes, chromatography may be carried outusing very small volumes of liquid that enhance safety and reducedisposal quantities. One difficulty in fabricating microfluidic deviceshaving integral HPLC columns, however, has been including frits withinsuch devices.

Novel methods for fabricating microfluidic separation devices aredisclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0150806. A plurality of stacked device layers or sheets definemicrofluidic structures within the device that form multiple separationcolumns. The columns are defined in one or more of the device layers bycutting or otherwise removing portions of the device layer such that theremaining portions of the device layer form the lateral boundaries or“walls” of the microstructures. The microstructures are completed bysandwiching a wall-defining device layer between substrates and/or otherdevice layers to form the “floors” and “ceilings” of themicrostructures. The use of multi-layer construction permits robustdevices to be fabricated quickly and inexpensively compared to surfacemicromachining or material deposition techniques that are conventionallyemployed to produce microfluidic devices.

FIGS. 1A–1C show a simplified multi-layer microfluidic separation device10 having a plurality of separation columns 22A–22E defined therein(with numbering for columns 22B–22D omitted for clarity). It will bereadily understood by one skilled in the art that the device 10illustrated in FIGS. 1A–1B has been simplified to illustrate the basicstructure associated with multi-layer microfluidic separation devicesand are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Referring toFIG. 1C, the device 10 is fabricated with at least four device layers14–17. The second device layer 16 defines the lateral boundaries of aplurality of separation columns 22A–22E. The third device layer 15defines the lateral boundaries of a plurality of exit channels 24A–24E.The first and third device layers 14, 16 define the lower and upperboundaries, respectively, of the exit channels 24A–24E and the secondand fourth device layers 15, 17 define the lower and upper boundaries,respectively, of the separation columns 22A–22E. A stationary phasematerial 20 is retained in the separation columns 22A–22E by a frit 26positioned between the second and third device layers 15, 16. Thus,mobile phase solvent (as well as the sample compound being separated)flows through the system as indicated by arrows 30, while the stationaryphase material 20 is kept in place by the frit 26.

Frit materials used with conventional chromatography columns havethicknesses typically ranging between about thirty mils (760 microns)and about seventy-five mils (2000 microns). Because multi-layermultifluidic devices typically use device layer materials havingthicknesses ranging from about one mil (twenty-five microns) to abouttwenty-five mils (635 microns), conventional HPLC frit materials are toothick to be used within a laminated multi-layer microfluidic separationdevice.

Moreover, certain conventional frit materials, such as stainless steel,may be difficult to bond to the polymer layers of a stacked layerdevice. In fact, conventional polymer frit materials also may bedifficult to bond to other polymers, particularly where it is desirableto avoid the use of adhesives that could contaminate a microfluidicdevice. Adhesiveless bonding techniques may be used (e.g., by applyingheat, pressure or a combination thereof) to attempt to bond a fritmaterial directly to the surrounding device layers. However, it has beenfound that when frits are composed of material closely related to thematerial of the surrounding device layers, the temperature required toachieve the desired bonding tends to melt the frit to the degree that itis rendered inoperable or its effectiveness is reduced. When dissimilarmaterials are used, with desirable melting point differentials, devicelayer materials and frit materials bond less effectively, frequentlyresulting in undesirable separation of the layers from the frits atoperational pressures.

Initial efforts to incorporate thin polymeric frit materials inmulti-layer microfluidic separation devices included materials such asNuclepore™, a track-etched polycarbonate membrane having a thickness of6–11 microns, a pore size of 0.015–12.0 microns, and a pore density of1×10⁵–6×10⁸ pores/cm² (Whatman, Inc., Clifton, N.J.) (the “polycarbonatefrit”). The polycarbonate frit presented several issues related to thefabrication and operation of the assembled device. First, the pore sizeof the polycarbonate frit is larger than the size of the stationaryphase particulate material. Devices made with the polycarbonate fritsuffered from a lack of reproducible pressure drop, which was believedto be caused by the clogging or blocking of the pores of the frit withthe stationary phase material.

In addition, the polycarbonate frits have significantly differentsurface energy than the polymeric films most desirable for use infabricating microfluidic separation devices (particularly polyolefins,including polypropylene). Also, the polycarbonate frits have at leastone, if not two, very smooth surfaces. As a result, the bonding betweenthe polycarbonate frit and the surrounding polymeric film was relativelyweak, occasionally permitting undesirable fluid flow around the frit.For example, track-etched polycarbonate frits were selected to preventwicking within the frit itself (such as that shown in FIG. 1B andindicated by flow arrow 28). However, because of the significantlydifferent energies between the polycarbonate frit and the device layersand/or the smoothness of the polycarbonate frit, the bond therebetweenwas weak and allowed lateral wicking across the surface of the frit(such as that shown in FIG. 1B and indicated by flow arrow 29), therebypermitting cross contamination between separation columns 20D, 20E.Thus, to avoid wicking, as shown in FIG. 2, a device 100 using apolycarbonate frit would require multiple discrete frits 126A–126E, eachplaced in contact with one of the five separation channels 122A–122E,adding complexity and time to the assembly process for such devices.

However, even when multiple discrete frits are used, there may be somewicking of fluid between each discrete frit and the surrounding devicelayers. Thus, while the use of discrete frits preventscross-contamination between adjacent columns, fluid may be retained inthe frit region during a first chromatographic separation only tocontaminate subsequent chromatographic separations in the same column.

Thus, it would be desirable to provide a frit material that is verythin, minimizes or eliminates wicking, and may be readily bonded to thedevice layers of a laminated multi-layer microfluidic device. It alsowould be desirable to provide a frit material that bonds sufficiently tothe surrounding device layers to minimize or eliminate fluid retentionin the frit region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a multi-layer microfluidic separationdevice having five separation columns.

FIG. 1B is a partial cross sectional view of the device of FIG. 1A,taken along section line “A”—“A.”

FIG. 1C is a partial cross sectional view of the device of FIG. 1A,taken along section line “B”—“B.”

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a multi-layer microfluidic separationdevice using individual frits for each separation column.

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a multi-layer microfluidic separationdevice.

FIG. 3B is a partial cross sectional view of the device of FIG. 3A,taken along section line “C”—“C.”

FIG. 3C is a partial cross sectional view of the device of FIG. 3A,taken along section line “D”—“D.”

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The terms “channel” or “chamber” as used herein are to be interpreted ina broad sense. Thus, they are not intended to be restricted to elongatedconfigurations where the transverse or longitudinal dimension greatlyexceeds the diameter or cross-sectional dimension. Rather, such termsare meant to comprise cavities or tunnels of any desired shape orconfiguration through which liquids may be directed. Such a fluid cavitymay, for example, comprise a flow-through cell where fluid is to becontinually passed or, alternatively, a chamber for holding a specified,discrete ratio of fluid for a specified ratio of time. “Channels” and“chambers” may be filled or may contain internal structures comprising,for example, valves, filters, and similar or equivalent components andmaterials.

The term “frit” as used herein refers to a microporous material used toretain stationary phase material within a separation column forperforming pressure-driven liquid chromatography.

The term “interpenetrably bound” as used herein refers to the conditionof two adjacent polymer surfaces being bound along a substantiallyindistinct interface resulting from diffusion of polymer chains fromeach surface into the other.

The term “microfluidic” as used herein is to be understood to refer tostructures or devices through which a fluid is capable of being passedor directed, wherein one or more of the dimensions is less than aboutfive hundred microns or to fluidic volumes of less than or equal toabout two microliters.

The terms “stencil” or “stencil layer” as used herein refers to amaterial layer or sheet that is preferably substantially planar, throughwhich one or more variously shaped and oriented channels have been cutor otherwise removed through the entire thickness of the layer, thuspermitting substantial fluid movement within the layer (as opposed tosimple through-holes for transmitting fluid through one layer to anotherlayer). The outlines of the cut or otherwise removed portions form thelateral boundaries of microstructures that are completed when a stencilis sandwiched between other layers, such as substrates and/or otherstencils. Stencil layers can be either substantially rigid or flexible(thus permitting one or more layers to be Smanipulated so as not to liein a plane).

Microfluidic Devices Generally

In an especially preferred embodiment, microfluidic devices according tothe present invention are constructed using stencil layers or sheets todefine channels and/or chambers. As noted previously, a stencil layer ispreferably substantially planar and has a channel or chamber cut throughthe entire thickness of the layer to permit substantial fluid movementwithin that layer. Various means may be used to define such channels orchambers in stencil layers. For example, a computer-controlled plottermodified to accept a cutting blade may be used to cut various patternsthrough a material layer. Such a blade may be used either to cutsections to be detached and removed from the stencil layer, or tofashion slits that separate regions in the stencil layer withoutremoving any material. Alternatively, a computer-controlled laser cuttermay be used to cut portions through a material layer. While lasercutting may be used to yield precisely dimensioned microstructures, theuse of a laser to cut a stencil layer inherently involves the removal ofsome material. Further examples of methods that may be employed to formstencil layers include conventional stamping or die-cuttingtechnologies, including rotary cutters and other high throughputauto-aligning equipment (sometimes referred to as converters). Theabove-mentioned methods for cutting through a stencil layer or sheetpermits robust devices to be fabricated quickly and inexpensivelycompared to conventional surface micromachining or material depositiontechniques that are conventionally employed to produce microfluidicdevices.

After a portion of a stencil layer is cut or removed, the outlines ofthe cut or otherwise removed portions form the lateral boundaries ofmicrostructures that are completed upon sandwiching a stencil betweensubstrates and/or other stencils. The thickness or height of themicrostructures such as channels or chambers can be varied by alteringthe thickness of the stencil layer, or by using multiple substantiallyidentical stencil layers stacked on top of one another. When assembledin a microfluidic device, the top and bottom surfaces of stencil layersare intended to mate with one or more adjacent layers (such as stencillayers or substrate layers) to form a substantially enclosed device,typically having at least one inlet port and at least one outlet port.

A wide variety of materials may be used to fabricate microfluidicdevices having sandwiched stencil layers, including polymeric, metallic,and/or composite materials, to name a few. Various preferred embodimentsutilize porous materials including filter materials. Substrates andstencils may be substantially rigid or flexible. Selection of particularmaterials for a desired application depends on numerous factorsincluding: the types, concentrations, and residence times of substances(e.g., solvents, reactants, and products) present in regions of adevice; temperature; pressure; pH; presence or absence of gases; andoptical properties.

Various means may be used to seal or bond layers of a device together.For example, adhesives may be used. In one embodiment, one or morelayers of a device may be fabricated from single- or double-sidedadhesive tape, although other methods of adhering stencil layers may beused. Portions of the tape (of the desired shape and dimensions) can becut and removed to form channels, chambers, and/or apertures. A tapestencil can then be placed on a supporting substrate with an appropriatecover layer, between layers of tape, or between layers of othermaterials. In one embodiment, stencil layers can be stacked on eachother. In this embodiment, the thickness or height of the channelswithin a particular stencil layer can be varied by varying the thicknessof the stencil layer (e.g., the tape carrier and the adhesive materialthereon) or by using multiple substantially identical stencil layersstacked on top of one another. Various types of tape may be used withsuch an embodiment. Suitable tape carrier materials include but are notlimited to polyesters, polycarbonates, polytetrafluoroethlyenes,polypropylenes, and polyimides. Such tapes may have various methods ofcuring, including curing by pressure, temperature, or chemical oroptical interaction. The thickness of these carrier materials andadhesives may be varied.

In another embodiment, device layers may be directly bonded withoutusing adhesives to provide high bond strength (which is especiallydesirable for high-pressure applications) and eliminate potentialcompatibility problems between such adhesives and solvents and/orsamples. Specific examples of methods for directly bonding layers ofunoriented (e.g., non-biaxially-oriented) polypropylene to formstencil-based microfluidic structures are disclosed in commonly assignedU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0106799, which isincorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. In oneembodiment, multiple layers of 7.5-mil (188 micron) thickness “ClearTear Seal” polypropylene (American Profol, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) includingat least one stencil layer may be stacked together, placed between glassplatens and compressed to apply a pressure of 0.26 psi (1.79 kPa) to thelayered stack, and then heated in an industrial oven for a period ofapproximately five hours at a temperature of 154° C. to yield apermanently bonded microstructure well-suited for use with high-pressurecolumn packing methods. In another embodiment, multiple layers of7.5-mil (188 micron) thickness “Clear Tear Seal” polypropylene (AmericanProfol, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) including at least one stencil layer may bestacked together. Several microfluidic device assemblies may be stackedtogether, with a thin foil disposed between each device. The stack maythen be placed between insulating platens, heated at 152° C. for about 5hours, cooled with a forced flow of ambient air for at least about 30minutes, heated again at 146° C. for about 15 hours, and then cooled ina manner identical to the first cooling step. During each heating step,a pressure of about 0.37 psi (2.55 kPa) is applied to the microfluidicdevices.

Notably, stencil-based fabrication methods enable very rapid fabricationof devices, both for prototyping and for high-volume production. Rapidprototyping is invaluable for trying and optimizing new device designs,since designs may be quickly implemented, tested, and (if necessary)modified and further tested to achieve a desired result. The ability toprototype devices quickly with stencil fabrication methods also permitsmany different variants of a particular design to be tested andevaluated concurrently.

Further embodiments may be fabricated from various materials usingwell-known techniques such as embossing, stamping, molding, and softlithography.

In addition to the use of adhesives and the adhesiveless bonding methoddiscussed above, other techniques may be used to attach one or more ofthe various layers of microfluidic devices useful with the presentinvention, as would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in attachingmaterials. For example, attachment techniques including thermal,chemical, or light-activated bonding steps; mechanical attachment (suchas using clamps or screws to apply pressure to the layers); and/or otherequivalent coupling methods may be used.

Preferred Embodiments

Applicants have demonstrated the bonding of a single strip ofpolypropylene frit material into a multi-column, microfluidic separationdevice composed of un-oriented polypropylene films, using one strip offrit material spanning multiple separation columns. FIGS. 3A–3C show asimplified version of a multi-layer microfluidic separation device 200having a plurality of separation columns 222A–222E defined therein. Itwill be readily understood by one skilled in the art that the device 200illustrated in FIGS. 3A–3B has been simplified to illustrate the basicstructure associated with multi-layer microfluidic separation devicesand is not intended to limit the invention. Other structures andarrangements will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. Forexample, multi-layer microfluidic separation devices according to thepresent invention may include a single separation column; any number ofseparation columns; other microfluidic structures, such as splitters,mixers, reaction chambers and other useful features; and/or multiplefrits to retain stationary phase materials, act as a filter, preventcross talk and other useful functions. In another example, multi-columndevices may use multiple discreet frits, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the device 200 is fabricated with multiple devicelayers 214–217, some of which are stencil layers 215, 216. A seconddevice layer 216 defines the lateral boundaries of a plurality ofseparation columns 222A–222E and a third device layer 215 defines thelateral boundaries of a plurality of exit channels 224A–224E. The firstand third device layers 214, 216, define the lower and upper boundaries,respectively, of the separation columns 222A–222E; and the second andfourth layers 215, 217, define the lower and upper boundaries,respectively, of the exit channels 224A–224E. A stationary phasematerial 220 is retained in the separation columns 222A–222E by a frit226 positioned between the second device layer 216 and the third devicelayer 215. The stationary phase material 220 may be packed in the deviceusing any suitable method, including those describe in commonly assignedU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0150806, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein.

In operation, mobile phase solvent (as well as the sample compound beingseparated) flows through the system (as indicated by arrows 230) whilethe stationary phase material 220 is kept in place within the device 200by the frit 226.

The device layers 214–217 are fabricated with a substantiallyadhesiveless polyolefin material, such as unoriented polypropylene,using direct (e.g., thermal) bonding methods such as discussed herein.Stationary phase material 220 is preferably added to the device 200after the various layers 214–217 and frit 226 are laminated (orotherwise bonded) together to form an integral structure. While varioustypes of stationary phase material 220 may be used, preferred typesinclude packed particulate material, and preferred packing methodsemploy slurry. One preferred slurry includes silica powder havingsurface chemical groups (e.q., Pinnacle II™ C-18 silica, 5-micron,catalog no. 551071, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, Pa.) and acetonitrile(MeCN), such as in a ratio of 1.00 grams particulate to 500 ml ofsolvent.

A preferred material for fabricating the frit 226 is a permeablepolypropylene membrane such as, for example, 1-mil (25 microns)thickness Celgard 2500 membrane (55% porosity, 0.209×0.054 micron poresize, Celgard Inc., Charlotte, N.C.). Preferably, the average pore sizeof the frit 226 is smaller than the average size of the particles of theparticulate stationary phase material 220. More preferably, the averagepore size of the frit 226 no greater than one tenth of the average sizeof the particles of the particulate stationary phase material 220.

A polypropylene membrane frit material 226 is particularly preferredwhen the device layers 214–217 are fabricated with a substantiallyadhesiveless polyolefin material, such as unoriented polypropylene,using direct (e.g. thermal) bonding methods such as discussed herein.This material has two relatively rough surfaces, which may furtherenhance bonding with other materials. Devices 200 constructed accordingto such methods may be readily capable of withstanding (internal)operating pressures of 10 psi (69 kPa), 50 psi (345 kPa), 100 psi (690kPa), 500 psi (3450 kPa), or even greater pressures.

It has been found that, for the bonding process to completely sealaround a frit layer that is smaller than the dimensions of themicrofluidic device, the frit layer must be less than about two mils(about 50 microns) thick, more preferably less than about one mil (about25 microns) thick. For example, as shown in FIG. 3A, in one embodiment,the orientation of the frit material 226 is such that the strip is cutwith the narrow dimension of the strip parallel to the machine directionof the frit material 226 so that the shrinkage of the frit material 226will not affect the dimensions of the microfluidic device 200. In analternate embodiment, the orientation of the frit material 226 is suchthat the strip is cut with the narrow dimension of the stripperpendicular to the machine direction of the frit material 226 and,during bonding, the ends of the frit material 226 may be tacked at itsendpoints 252–253 to minimize shrinkage of the frit material 226, thusnot affecting the dimensions of the microfluidic device 200. Arepresentative microfluidic device is shown in commonly assigned,co-pending patent application Ser. No. 60/357,683 (filed Feb. 13, 2002).

The frit material was chosen such that its structure was similar to amesh (which permits flow mainly in the direction perpendicular to thefrit surface) as opposed to a depth filter (a polymer matrix that canallow tangential flow in the frit) in order to minimize or eliminatecross-flow between channels across which a single strip of the fritmaterial spans. For example, track-etched membranes and stretchedpolymer films (to induce micron sized pores) may be used to minimizelateral wicking.

In one embodiment in which high pressure (the specific pressure and timefor bonding will depend upon the temperature and material selected) isapplied to the polymer stack during bonding, the frit material can bechosen with a melting point temperature less than or equal to that ofthe polymer film. The bonding occurs at a temperature less than themelting point temperature of both the frit material and the polymer filmdue to interlayer flow induced at high pressures. Any portion of thepolymer film material not under pressure (e.g., regions directly belowvoids such as channels, chambers or vias) will not melt or flow, leavingfeatures and the pore structure of the frit material intact.

More preferably, a frit material is chosen such that its melting pointtemperature is significantly higher than that of the film material towhich it bonds so that the polymer comprising the film can melt and flowinto or through the frit material without melting the frit material(which would cause a loss of pore structure and, thus, loss offunctionality). Minimal pressure may be applied during the bonding at atemperature that is above the melting point of the polymer film, butless than the melting point of the frit material.

Alternatively, hot press stamping can be used to bond the film layersimmediately around the frit using a stamp that is designed (e.g.,patterned with raised portions and/or recesses) to heat the entire fritarea except for the locations on the layer that contain features (e.g.,desirable microstructures such as channels, chambers, vias and thelike). Preferably, the patterned stamp will be heated above the meltingpoint of the polymer film. More preferably, the patterned stamp will beheated to a temperature above the melting points of both the film andthe frit material. Pressure may be applied to the patterned stamp, suchas by using either a mechanical or hydraulic press.

In another embodiment, multiple stacked layers of the microfluidicdevice are subjected to high pressure prior to bonding to reduce thediffusion length of the polymer to allow for shorter bonding times. Forexample, a mechanical or hydraulic press could be used. High pressuremay be applied to substantially all of the device layers or just thelayers immediately around the frit. While the specific pressure to beapplied depends on the materials used, it is expected that polymers withhigh hardness values will require higher pressures than those with lowerhardness values.

In one embodiment, a frit material is chosen such that the surfaceenergy of the frit material is similar to the surface energy of thepolymeric film to which it bonds. For a strong bond, a frit material ispreferably chosen within the same general surface energy class as thepolymer to which it must bond. The classes are generally classified as“low surface energy” polymers (approximately 18 to 36 dynes/cm) and“high surface energy” polymers (approximately 36 to 50 dynes/cm). Morepreferably, the surface energy differential between the frit materialand the polymer film should be within about 5 dynes/cm for properbonding, without regard to surface energy class. Even more preferably,the surface energy differential between the frit material and thepolymer film should be within about 2 dynes/cm for proper bonding. Mostpreferably, the surface energy differential between the frit materialand the polymer film should be within about 1 dyne/cm, or better yetabout 0 dynes/cm, for the strongest bonding.

Of course, materials having desirable surface energy differentials mayhave undesirable melting point temperatures. In such an event, surfacemodification techniques may be used to alter the surface chemistry ofthe polymeric film and/or the frit material to improve the strength ofthe bond between the materials. It is believed that the applicablemechanism(s) include surface energy matching and/or surface roughening.Methods that can be used to modify the surfaces include low temperatureplasma, ultraviolet light, or chemical activation of the surfaces.

A preferable method for plasma modification of surfaces is to initiatean oxygen plasma at about 175 mTorr (about 233.3 bar) with a 13.67 MHz,25 W (25 joules) source for about one minute. A more preferable methodof modification is to subsequently react the surface with an unsaturatedorganic molecule, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate or vinyl pyrrolidoneto alter the surface chemistry and, thus, surface energy. Other organicor inorganic molecules may be used.

A preferable method for ultraviolet light treatment of surfaces is toirradiate the surface at an irradiation energy of <100 mJ/cm2 using a300 nm lamp in the presence of ozone. A more preferable method ofmodification is to subsequently react the surface with an unsaturatedmolecule, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate or vinyl pyrrolidone toalter the surface chemistry and, thus, surface energy. Other organic orinorganic molecules may be used.

Organic chemical reactions may also be performed without a plasma orultraviolet light activation step. A preferable method is to modify thesurface using a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid. A more preferablemethod is to use a free radical initiator, such asazo(isobutyronitrile), along with an unsaturated molecule, such ashydroxyethyl methacrylate or vinyl pyrrolidone, and heat the solution to80° C. to allow for incorporation of the unsaturated molecule into thepolymer matrix.

Surface modification techniques may also be used to facilitate the flowof different solvents through the frit material by altering thehydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction balance as well as thepolar/non-polar interaction balance. A preferable method is to physisorba surfactant. For example, one may flow a surfactant solution into thecompleted device and allow it to interact with the surfaces beforeflushing the unadsorbed surfactant out of the chip, such as apolypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide block polymer, in the pores ofthe frit material. An alternate method is to use ultraviolet lightactivation (as outlined previously). As a more preferable alternative, aplasma-induced modification could be performed on the surface (asoutlined previously).

One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that materialsother than permeable propylene may be used to fabricate the frit 226.Appropriate materials may be selected based on the composition of thedevice layers to which the frit will be bonded and the above-describedcriteria, including, without limitation, surface roughness, surfaceenergy, and melting point. Moreover, otherwise unsuitable materials maybe rendered suitable by the application of surface treatments that alterthe surface characteristics of the selected material in a manner thatensures sufficient bonding.

It is also to be appreciated that the foregoing description of theinvention has been presented for purposes of illustration andexplanation and is not intended to limit the invention to the precisemanner of practice herein. It is to be appreciated therefore thatchanges may be made by those skilled in the art without departing fromthe spirit of the invention and that the scope of the invention shouldbe interpreted with respect to the following claims.

1. A multi-layer separation device comprising: a first substantiallyplanar adhesiveless polymeric device layer defining a separationchannel; a second substantially planar adhesiveless polymeric devicelayer defining an aperture; a third substantially planar adhesivelesspolymeric device layer defining an exit channel, wherein the seconddevice layer is disposed between the first device layer and the thirddevice layer; and an adhesiveless polymeric frit disposed between thesecond device layer and the third device layer; wherein the separationchannel is in fluid communication with the exit channel by way of theaperture and the frit; and wherein the second device layer and the thirddevice layer are sufficiently bound around the frit to preventsubstantially any lateral flow between the frit and the second devicelayer and between the frit and the third device layer at an operatingpressure.
 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the operating pressure is atleast about 10 psi (69 kPa).
 3. The device of claim 1 wherein theoperating pressure is at least about 50 psi (345 kPa).
 4. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the operating pressure is at least about 100 psi (690kPa).
 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the operating pressure is atleast about 500 psi (3450 kPa).
 6. The device of claim 1, furthercomprising a stationary phase material contained within the separationchannel.
 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the stationary phase materialincludes particulate material having an average particle size.
 8. Thedevice of claim 7 wherein the frit has an average pore size, and theaverage pore size is smaller than the average particle size.
 9. Thedevice of claim 7 wherein the frit has an average pore size that is nogreater than about one tenth of the average particle size.
 10. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the frit comprises a permeable polypropylenemembrane.
 11. The device of claim 1 wherein the frit comprises atrack-etched membrane.
 12. The device of claim 1 wherein the fritcomprises a stretched polymer film.
 13. The device of claim 1 whereinthe frit has a mesh structure.
 14. The device of claim 1 wherein thefrit is about 25 microns thick, is about 55% porous, and has a pluralityof pores about 0.209×0.054 microns in size.
 15. The device of claim 1wherein: the second device layer has a first surface energy; the thirddevice layer has a second surface energy; the frit has a third surfaceenergy; and the difference between any of the first surface energy, thesecond surface energy, and the third surface energy is less than orequal to about 5 dynes/cm.
 16. The device of claim 15 wherein thedifference between any of the first surface energy, the second surfaceenergy, the third surface energy is less than or equal to about 2dynes/cm.
 17. The device of claim 15 wherein the difference between anyof the first surface energy, the second surface energy, and the thirdsurface energy is less than or equal to about 1 dynes/cm.
 18. The deviceof claim 15 wherein the difference between any of the first surfaceenergy, the second surface energy, and the third surface energy is about0 dynes/cm.
 19. The device of claim 1 wherein any of the first stencillayer and the second stencil layer comprises a substantiallyadhesiveless polyolefin material.
 20. The device of claim 19 wherein thesubstantially adhesiveless polyolefin material comprises unorientedpolypropylene.
 21. The device of claim 1 wherein the frit has a meltingpoint temperature that is significantly higher than the melting pointtemperature of any of the first stencil layer and the second stencillayer.
 22. The device of claim 1 wherein the frit comprises a surfacetreated polymer membrane.
 23. The device of claim 1 wherein each of thefirst device layer, the second device layer, and the third device layeris substantially metal-free.
 24. The device of claim 1 wherein any ofthe first device layer, the second device layer, and the third devicelayer is stencil layer.
 25. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion ofthe second device layer and a portion of the third device layer areinterpenetrably bound.
 26. The device of claim 1 wherein any of theseparation channel, the aperture, and the exit channel is microfluidic.27. A multi-layer separation device comprising: a first substantiallyplanar adhesiveless polymeric device layer defining a plurality ofseparation channels; a second substantially planar adhesivelesspolymeric device layer defining a plurality of apertures; a thirdsubstantially planar adhesiveless polymeric device layer defining aplurality of exit channels, wherein the second device layer is disposedbetween the first device layer and the third device layer; and anadhesiveless polymeric frit disposed between the second device layer andthe third device layer; wherein each separation channel of the pluralityof separation channels is in fluid communication with an exit channel ofthe plurality of exit channels by way of an aperture of the plurality ofapertures and the frit; and wherein the second device layer and thethird device layer are sufficiently bound around the frit to preventsubstantially any lateral flow between the frit and the second devicelayer and between the frit and the third device layer at an operatingpressure.
 28. The device of claim 27 wherein the operating pressure isat least about 10 psi (69 kPa).
 29. The device of claim 27 wherein theoperating pressure is at least about 50 psi (345 kPa).
 30. The device ofclaim 27 wherein the operating pressure is at least about 100 psi (690kPa).
 31. The device of claim 27 wherein the operating pressure is atleast about 500 psi (3450 kPa).
 32. The device of claim 27 wherein eachseparation column of the plurality of separation columns contains astationary phase material.
 33. The of claim 32 wherein the stationaryphase material includes particulate material having an average particlesize.
 34. The device of claim 33 wherein the frit has an average poresize, and the average pore size is smaller than the average particlesize.
 35. The device of claim 33 wherein the frit has an average poresize that is no greater than about one tenth of the average particlesize.
 36. The device of claim 27 wherein the frit comprises a permeablepolypropylene membrane.
 37. The device of claim 27 wherein the fritcomprises a track-etched membrane.
 38. The device of claim 27 whereinthe frit comprises a stretched polymer film.
 39. The device of claim 27wherein the frit has a mesh structure.
 40. The device of claim 27wherein the frit is about 25 microns thick, is about 55% porous, and hasa plurality of pores about 0.209×0.054 microns in size.
 41. The deviceof claim 27 wherein: the first device layer has a first surface energy;the second device layer has a second surface energy; the frit has athird surface energy; and the difference between any of the firstsurface energy, the second surface energy, and the third surface energyis less than or equal to about 5 dynes/cm.
 42. The device of claim 41wherein the difference between any of the first surface energy, thesecond surface energy, the third surface energy is less than or equal toabout 2 dynes/cm.
 43. The device of claim 41 wherein the differencebetween any of the first surface energy, the second surface energy, andthe third surface energy is less than or equal to about 1 dynes/cm. 44.The device of claim 41 wherein the difference between any of the firstsurface energy, the second surface energy, and the third surface energyis about 0 dynes/cm.
 45. The device of claim 27 wherein any of the firstdevice layer and the second device layer comprises a substantiallyadhesiveless polyolefin material.
 46. The device of claim 45 wherein thesubstantially adhesiveless polyolefin material comprises unorientedpolypropylene.
 47. The device of claim 27 wherein the frit has a meltingpoint temperature that is significantly higher than the melting pointtemperature of any of the first device layer and the second devicelayer.
 48. The device of claim 27 wherein the frit comprises a surfacetreated polymer membrane.
 49. The device of claim 27 wherein each of thefirst device layer, the second device layer, and the third device layeris substantially metal-free.
 50. The device of claim 27 wherein any ofthe first device layer, the second device layer, and the third devicelayer is a stencil layer.
 51. The device of claim 27 wherein a portionof the second device layer and a portion of the third device layer areinterpenetrably bound.
 52. The device of claim 27 wherein the pluralityof separation channels, the plurality of apertures, and the plurality ofexit channels are microfluidic.